Kerr, Kerr, and Xu review the extensive literature since 2000 on the personality traits of entrepreneurs. They first consider baseline personality traits like the Big-5 model, self-efficacy and innovativeness, locus of control, and the need for achievement. They then consider risk attitudes and goals and aspirations of entrepreneurs. Within each area, they separate studies by the type of entrepreneurial behavior considered: entry into entrepreneurship, performance outcomes, and exit from entrepreneurship.

This literature shows common results and many points of disagreement, reflective of the heterogeneous nature of entrepreneurship. Kerr, Kerr, and Xu label studies by the type of entrepreneurial population studied (e.g., Main Street vs. those backed by venture capital) to identify interesting and irreducible parts of this heterogeneity, while also identifying places where we anticipate future large-scale research and the growing depth of the field are likely to clarify matters. There are many areas, like how firm performance connects to entrepreneurial personality, that are woefully understudied and ripe for major advances if the appropriate cross-disciplinary ingredients are assembled.